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The housing price-to-rent ratio is an indicator calculated by dividing housing purchase price by annual rent and serves as a benchmark for determining whether real estate markets are overvalued or undervalued. Higher values indicate overpriced purchases, while lower values indicate underpriced purchases. Countries ranking at the top of the index are markets where housing prices have surged and investment returns are low, with population concentration in urban areas and supply shortages as underlying factors. Meanwhile, lower-ranked countries have relatively affordable purchase prices and balanced markets between renting and buying. This indicator is useful when making housing purchase decisions and comparing the degree of overheating in real estate markets across countries.